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About TurkeyRepublica Turcia, este o tara intinsa pe doua continente. 97% din suprafata tarii se afla in Asia (Anatolia) si 3% Europa (peninsula Balcanica). Turcia are granite cu opt tari: Grecia si Bulgaria la nord-vest; Georgia, Armenia si Azerbaidjan la nord-est; Iran (Persia) la est; si Irak si Siria la sud. Turcia este o republica democratica, laica, constitutionala al carei sistem politic a fost stabilit an 1923. Turcia este un stat membru al ONU, NATO, OSCE, OECD, OIC si Consiliul Europei. In octombrie 2005 Uniunea Europeana a deschis negocierile de aderare cu Ankara. Stramtoarea Bosfor care separa Asia de sud-vest de Europa de sud-est se afla in Turcia. Anatolia e situata intre Marea Neagra la nord si Marea Mediterana la sud, cu Marea Egee si Marea Marmara la vest. Unii geografi considera Turcia ca o parte a Europei datorita anumitor caracteristici culturale, politice si istorice. Datorita pozitiei sale geografice intre Europa si Asia si între trei mari, Turcia a fost o rascruce istorica, patria si campul de lupta a mai multor mari civilizatii si un centru de comert. Istoria Turciei - Republica Turcia a fost intemeiatã la 29 octombrie, 1923 din ramaiitele Imperiului Otoman. Originile Turciei moderne incep odata cu sosirea triburilor turce in Anatolia in secolul al 11-lea. În urma infrangerii turcilor selgiucizi de catre mongoli, un vid de putere a permis noii dinastii otomane sa devin o forta importanta in regiune. In secolul al 16-lea, ajuns la intinderea maxima, Imperiul Otoman acoperea Anatolia, Africa de Nord, Orientul Apropiat, Europa de sud-est si Caucazul. Dupa infrangerea suferita in primul razboi mondial, puterile invingatoare au cautat impartirea imperiului prin Tratatul de la Sévres. Cu sprijinul aliatilor, Grecia a invadat si ocupat orasul Izmir, in conformitate cu Tratatul. La 19 mai, 1919 a fost initiata o miscare nationalista sub conducerea lui Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Pasa, un comandant militar care s-a distins in cursul bataliei de la Gallipoli. Kemal Pasa a incercat revocarea termenilor tratatului semnati de sultan la Istanbul, mobilizand fiecare parte a societatii turcesti, in ceea ce a devenit razboiul turc de independenta (in turca: Kurtulus Savası). La 18 septembrie, 1922, armatele de ocupatie ale Antantei au fost invinse si tara eliberata. A urmat abdicarea sultanului la 1 noiembrie, 1922, astfel ancheindu-se 631 de ani de stapanire otomana. In 1923 Tratatul de la Lausanne a recunoscut suveranitatea noii Republici Turce, iar Mustafa Kemal Pasa a primit supranumele de Atatürk (insemnand Parintele Turciei) si a devenit primul presedinte al tarii. El a instituit mai multe reforme care au modernizat Turcia, desprinzand-o de trecutul ei otoman. Politica Turciei - este una republicana. La fiecare 4 ani se voteaza alt presedinte. Presedintele Turciei este Abdullah Gül. Impartirea administrativa - Turcia este împartita in 81 de provincii. Fiecare provincie este impartita in subprovincii . Provincia poarta de obicei acelasi nume cu capitala acesteia, considerata subprovincia centrala; exceptiile sunt Hatay (capitala: Antakya), Kocaeli (capitala: İzmit) si Sakarya (capitala: Adapazarı). Cele mai mari provincii sunt: İstanbul 16 milioane de locuitori, Ankara 4 milioane, İzmir 3,5 milioane, Bursa 2,1 milioane, Provincia Konya 2,2 milioane, Provincia Adana 1,8 milioane. Capitala Turciei este orasul Ankara, dar capitala istorica İstanbul ramane centrul financiar, economic si cultural al tarii. Alte orase importante sunt İzmir, Bursa, Adana, Trabzon, Malatya, Gaziantep, Erzurum, Kayseri, İzmit (Kocaeli), Konya, Mersin, Eskisehir, Diyarbakır, Antalya si Samsun. Aproximativ 68% din populatia Turciei locuieste in centre urbane. Geografia - Turcia are 81 de orase. Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingöl, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa(Brusa), Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüshane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Icel, Istanbul, Izmir, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kilis, Kahramanmaras, Kocaeli (Izmit), Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sivas, Sanliurfa, Sirnak, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak. Clima - Clima Turciei este temperat-maritima pe litoralul Marii Negre si subtropicala pe litoralul Marii Mediterane. In ianuarie, temperaturile medii sunt de 5°C în nord, la Samsun, -4°C în podisul Anatoliei la Kayseri si 11°C în sud, la Antalya. Precipitatiile sunt reduse in sud si centru (in jur de 400 mm/an) si bogate in nord-vest, pe litoralul Marii Negre (1.600 mm/an). Economia - Turcia a inregistrat in ultimele 4 decenii o crestere remarcabila din punct de vadere economic. Industria energetica reprezinta indeseori prin industria carbunilor(mai ales lignit si huila),localizata in nord-vestul Anatoliei. Energia electrica se obtine in cadrul hidrocentralelor si termocentralelor. In anul 2008, peste 90% din necesarul de combustibili al Turciei a provenit din afara tari. Din 2003, Rusia este primul partener comercial al Turciei, cu schimburi de 38 de miliarde de dolari in 2007. Sute de firme turcesti opereaza in Rusia, circa 2 milioane de rusi vin anual in Turcia, iar Rusia asigura, prin Blue Stream, 65% din necesarul de gaz al Turciei. EvenimenteSarbatorile musulmane sunt calculate pe baza unui calendar lunar si doar doua sarbatori religioase sunt sarbatorite oficial: Seker Bayrami, o sarbatoare ce tine trei zile la sfarsitul Ramadanului (o perioada de 30 de zile in care musulmanii tin post mancand si band doar dupa apusul soarelui) si Kurban Bayrami care sarbatoreste actul neimplinit de sacrificiu al lui Ibrahim asupra fiului sau, Ismael, la Muntele Moriah. In comemorarea actului prin care Dumnezeu a permis lui Ibrahim sa sacrfice un miel in schimb fiecare familie turceasca, care isi permite o oaie cumpara una si o sacrifica imediat dupa rugaciunea de dimineata in ziua bayram – ului. Carnea animalului este imediat gatita de familie si prieteni. In perioada Kurban Bayrami majoritatea bancilor sunt inchise o saptamana, mijloacele de transport in comun vor fi intotdeauna inghesuite iar camerele la hotel putine si scumpe. Alte festivitati sunt cursele cu camile la mijlocul lui Ianuarie, in satul Selcuk, la sud de Izmir si Ziua Nationala a Suveranitatii, 23 aprilie, prima zi in care parlamentul republican s-a intrunit, in 1920. Vara sunt nenumarate zile festive, ca de exemplu festivalul de lupte la inceputul lui Iunie de la Sarayici, aproape de Edirne; festivalul rustic Kafkasor, aproape de Artvin, in nord-estul Turciei in a treia saptamana din Iunie; Festivalul International de arte din Istambul, de la sfarsitul lui iunie, inceputul lui iulie, Festivalul de folclor si muzica din Bursa, la mijlocul lunii iulie si festivalul pepenilor rosii de la Diyarbakir, incepand cu mijlocul lunii septembrie. Pe 10 noiembrie la ora 09:05 toata tara tine un moment de reculegere in amintirea lui Ataturk, decedat in 1938. EARLY AGES The history of Turkey tells of a 10,000 year-old civilisation. Anatolia is a melting pot where cultures from Sumer, Babylon and Assyria interacted for centuries with peoples such as the Hattis, Hittites and Hourrites. The result was a unique Anatolian civilisation which has long inspired the thoughts and legends of the West. The ancient Bronze Age witnessed the establishment of the first independent city states. At that time, the centre and southeast of Anatolia were inhabited by the indigenous Hattis. The most spectacular findings from this time are those of Alaca Hoyuk in the Halys River region and of Horoztepe near Tokat, in the Black Sea region. They are contemporary with the royal tombs of Mycenae in Greece. Ankara /Anatolian Civilisations Museum -Sfenks THE LEGENDARY TROY THE HITTITES ARRIVE MITANNI KINGDOM THE URARTIAN STATE THE PHRYGIANS AND KING MIDAS THE LYDIANS INVENT M O N E Y - SARDES ANATOLIA CHANGES HANDS AGAIN - PERGAMON THE ROMAN PERIOD BEGINS Izmir / Ephesus The Roman period of Anatolia began with the death of King Attalus III of Pergamon (Bergama) who willed his country to the Romans because he had no direct heir. Anatolia then lived through a period of peace and prosperity, particularly in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The pax Romana proved to be an extraordinary period of urban development. Ephesus served as the seat of the Roman governor of Asia and as a great commercial and cultural centre. THE ERA OF EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE Roman Empire knew its first golden age under Justinian. One thousand years of Roman jurisprudence were gathered together in four volumes, a work which had a lasting influence for many centuries. Justinian was also a great builder. The Basilica of Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) (AD 532-7) was constructed during his reign. The history of Roman Empire is one of alternating periods of glory and decay, of religious dissent, of conflicts and wars with Persians, Arabs, Seljuks, Ottomans and peoples of the North. By the 13th century, Roman Empire was drawing her final breath. After the mortal wound of 1204, when the Crusaders occupied Constantinople, sacked the city, forced the emperor to leave and established a Latin kingdom, she was a small state. Bulgaria declared her independence and a new maritime power, Venice took for herself the whole Aegean complex of islands. In 1261, the Byzantines had regained possession of their capital, but there were new threats. SELJUK AND OTTOMAN TURKS Konya / Ince Minare In the 11th century, under their leader Tugrul, the Seljuk Turks founded the dynasty of great Seljuks reigning in Iran, Iraq and Syria. In 1071, his nephew Alp Arslan defeated the Byzantines in Malazgirt, near Lake Van. The doors of Anatolia were thus opened to the Turks, and Anatolia went through a profound transformation ethnically, politically, and in the religious, linguistic and cultural spheres. The Seljuk Sultanate in Anatolia continued until the beginning of the 14th century. The zenith of the Seljuk civilisation came in the first half of the 13th century with Konya as its political, economic, religious, artistic and literary centre. The Seljuks created a centralised administration organised around the Sultan, his ministers and provincial governors. Science and literature blossomed, as did mystic poetry. Anatolia was crossed by the great routes linking the east and west, and many of the caravanserais built along these routes still stand today. Agriculture, industry and handicrafts expanded and the country was suddenly rich in mosques, madrasahs (medreses - educational institutions) and caravanserais (kervansarays - roadside inns). COLLAPSE OF THE SELJUK SULTANATE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE GAINS GROUND Topkapi Palace In 1296, Osman declared himself the independent Sultan of the region of Sogut near Bursa he had hitherto held in fief, and founded the Ottoman State. During the rule of his son Orhan, Bursa and Iznik were captured and soon the whole south-eastern coast of Marmara was under Ottoman control. The many conquests and diplomatic successes of Orhan were not the only achievements of his reign. He had encouraged and promoted art, literature, science and commerce. He also established a regular standing army, known as the Janissaries. Well paid and disciplined, the Janissaries provided the new Ottoman state with a patriotic force of trained soldiers. Built upon such solid foundations, the Ottoman Empire spread apace. In the reign of Murat, this expansion was still in a westerly direction and it was not until the frontiers were extended to the Adriatic, the Danube and Thessaly, that the Sultan turned his attention towards Eastern Anatolia Now that his rule was established in Europe and Asia, Beyazit turned towards Constantinople in 1402. The city was almost within Iris grasp when he was called to meet me westward march of Timurlane which delayed the conquest of Istanbul for several decades. In 1453, under Mehmet the Conqueror, the Ottomans took Constantinople, a momentous event for the whole world and a great feat of arms. But the banner of Ottoman success was to be raised much higher and by the late l6th century the Ottomans were deep into Europe. In the following centuries, however, the Ottoman Empire lost its momentum, entered a period of stagnation and then gradually a period of decline. WORLD WAR ONE THE VISIONS OF ATATÜRK AND REPUBLIC OF TURKEY Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Against this challenge, the Turkish nation engaged in a struggle to restore her territorial integrity and independence, to repulse foreign aggressors, to create a new state, to disassociate Turkey from the crumbling Ottoman dynasty, to eradicate an old and decrepit order and to build a modern country dedicated to political, social and economic progress. This was the vision of Ataturk, a general in the Ottoman army who had distinguished himself in the defence of Gallipoli (Canakkale) against the Naval Forces of Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand. The Ottoman victory over the Allies at Gallipoli renewed Turkey's visions for the empire Ataturk wanted a clean break with the past, to unite the nation in the quest for modernism and to lift Turkey to the level of European countries. On October 29 1923, the republic was proclaimed and Ataturk was elected president. Secularism was established by separating religious and state affairs. The Latin alphabet replaced the Arabic script and women were given the right to vote and to be elected as members of parliament. These reforms, as well as many others in all aspects of social life, put Turkey on the track towards becoming a thoroughly modern country. A PROUD NATION |
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